“aku adalah orang kecil “

“aku adalah orang kecil “
Tempat ku disini menjaga dan melayani seorang sendiri . . .
Biar perkataan orang menghujam hatiku
aku tetap pada tempat ku
Cacian,hinaan,kabar burung selalu melumuri urat nadiku
Akulah tumbal segala peradaban di sisni . . .
Tumbal kekejihan orang besar selalu ada pada kehidupan ku . . .
Berperang dalam kemelut system yang tidak benar
Pertarungan apa tanya ku? . . .
Biar perkataan orang menghujam tubuhku
Hujatan lalu melumuri urat nadiku
Tulang – belulang menyayat kulitku
Sampai batu nisan system menindih perutku
Aku tetap pada diriku sebagai orang kecil di kandang macan

Teroris gunakan media internet

Sepulang dari kampus FISIP UNAIR dan melihat berita di salah satu stasiun TV berita tentang teroris yang meledakan bom (bom bunuh diri) sekarang mengunakan media blog untuk mempopulerkan jati dirinya atau dengan maksud yang lain saya tidak tahu ini kutipan dari blog-nya jika ingin melihat Dalam pernyataannya di internet, aksi bom bunuh diri di dua hotel bertaraf internasiona.

TANDZIM AL QO'IDAH INDONESIA

KETERANGAN RESMI TANDZIM AL QO'IDAH INDONESIA

ATAS AMALIYAT JIHADIYAH ISTISYHADIYAH

DI HOTEL JW. MARRIOT JAKARTA

Pernyataan Noordin M Top Beredar di Internet

VIVAnews - Ledakan bom yang terjadi di Hotel JW Marriott dan Ritz Carlton pada 17 Juli 2009 telah mengakibatkan sembilan orang tewas dan 53 orang luka-luka.

Sebuah situs blog mengklaim sebagai perwakilan Media Tandzim Al Qaidah Indonesia merilis keterangan resmi tandzim itu atas aksi peledakan di hotel JW Marriot & Ritz Carlton pada Jumat 17 Juli 2009.

Dalam pernyataannya di internet, aksi bom bunuh diri di dua hotel bertaraf internasional itu membidik pengusaha dan pentolan intelijen asing.

Sebagian dari puluhan korban tersebut kebetulan memang belasan eksekutif puncak perusahaan kelas kakap. Mereka menjadi korban saat mengikuti breakfast meeting para CEO perusahaan multinasional yang digelar di restoran di Hotel JW Marriott, Mega Kunungan, Jakarta itu.

Kebanyakan dari mereka menderita luka berat dan ringan. Sebagian diterbangkan ke rumah sakit di Singapura. Namun, empat dari belasan eksekutif itu tewas, yakni Timothy D Mackay yang merupakan warga Selandia Baru, serta tiga warga Australia, yakni Nathan Verity, Garth McEvoy dan Craig Senger.

Belasan korban yang merupakan eksekutif papan atas itu sempat memunculkan sinyalemen bahwa teroris mengincar eksekutif perusahaan. Meski begitu, tak bisa dipungkiri bahwa para korban adalah nama-nama besar yang merupakan petinggi perusahaan kelas dunia.

Berikut ini, sejumlah nama besar perusahaan kelas dunia yang kehilangan atau memiliki eksekutif yang menjadi korban ledakan maut di Mega Kuningan pada Jumat pagi pukul 07.40 WIB itu.

1. Freeport
Freeport adalah perusahaan tambang emas dan tembaga kelas dunia yang memiliki tambang di berbagai negara. Induk usahanya adalah Freeport-McMoran Copper and Gold merupakan perusahaan tambang publik terbesar di dunia yang berpusat di Amerika Serikat. Salah satu aset besarnya adalah tambang emas dan tembaga di Papua.

Dua petinggi Freeport Indonesia, yakni Adrianto Machribie dan Dave Potter
menjadi korban ledakan. Adrianto adalah mantan Presiden Direktur PT Freeport
Indonesia dan Dave Potter adalah Direktur PT Freeport Indonesia.

2. Husky Energy
Husky merupakan perusahaan besar asal Kanada yang bergerak di bidang energi dan memiliki aset lebih dari US$ 21 miliar. Husky mengelola tambang migas di berbagai negara, terutama di Kanada dan Asia. Husky juga merangsek ke Indonesia, seperti di blok Madura dan Sumbawa.

Kevin S Moore, seorang warga negara Amerika Serikat merupakan salah satu
korban luka-luka bom Marriott. Dia menjabat sebagai General Manager di Husky Oil North Sumbawa Ltd.

3. Thiess
Thiess adalah perusahaan kontraktor pertambangan terkemuka asal Australia yang sudah berusia 75 tahun. Selain memiliki tambang di Australia, Thiess juga
mengelola tambang batu bara di India dan Indonesia.

Garth McEvoy, Commercial Manager Thiess Indonesia merupakan salah satu korban meninggal akibat bom Marriott. McEvoy adalah mantan pengacara yang aktif sebagai anggota Jakarta Golf Community.

4. Anadarko Petroleum Company
Anadarko adalah salah satu produsen migas terbesar dunia dengan kapasitas produksi 2,28 miliar barel pada 2008. Produsen migas asal Amerika Serikat ini memiliki lapangan eksplorasi di berbagai lokasi dan negara mulai dari Teluk Meksiko, Alaska, Algeria, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mozambik, dan Afrika Barat.

Gary Ford, Presiden Direktur Anadarko Indonesia Company merupakan salah satu korban luka-luka akibat bom tersebut.

5. Holcim
Holcim adalah produsen semen raksasa dunia yang berasal dari Swiss, Eropa. Sebagai pemain besar dunia, Holcim memiliki pabrik semen di berbagai belahan dunia, salah satunya di Indonesia melalui akuisisi PT Semen Cibinong pada 2001 yang kemudian namanya diubah menjadi PT Holcim Indonesia.

Timothy Mackay, warga negara Selandia Baru merupakan salah satu korban meninggal. Dia adalah CEO PT Holcim Indonesia.

6. Castle Asia
CastleAsia dikenal sebagai perusahaan konsultan bisnis terkemuka asal Amerika Serikat namun berbasis di Indonesia. Di dunia bisnis, Castle adalah tukang lobi terkemuka bagi perusahaan asing yang ingin investasi di Indonesia. Castle Asia didirikan oleh James Castle pada 1980 memiliki banyak klien yang terdiri dari perusahaan multinasional, lembaga keuangan dunia hingga pemerintah Indonesia.

James Castle merupakan salah satu korban luka-luka akibat bom Marriott.

Ingin berdiskusi atau membahas pernyataan Noordin M Top. Silakan klik di VIVAnews Forum.

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KRS ONLINE

MAHASISWA FISIP SEKARANG DAPAT MELAKUKAN KRS OLINE DI ALAMAT INI
silia.fisip.unair.ac.id OR silia.fisip

MENTAL MODEL GURU

Apa musuh terbesar seorang guru? Jika pertanyaan ini ditujukan kepada para guru di Indonesia, pastilah jawabannya sangat beragam. Sebagian ada yang menjawab masalah fasilitas sekolah yang kurang memadai, gaji yang tak layak, birokrasi yang menyebalkan, orangtua yang tak peduli pada anak-anaknya, dan sederet jawaban lainnya. Sedangkan sebagian lainnya akan menjawab bahwa musuh terbesar seorang guru adalah disiplin anak, kemalasan anak, dan ketidak pedulian anak terhadap proses belajar mengajar di kelas.

Musuh kedua ini selalu menjadi problem tak terselesaikan, jika seorang guru memiliki mental model yang sering memberikan labelling terhadap kondisi siswanya. Inilah sebenarnya musuh utama para guru kita. Karena itu sejalan dengan makin besarnya tantangan yang harus di¬hadapi oleh seorang guru, saat ini muncul sejumlah usaha untuk memperbaharui kon¬sep atau gagasan tentang apa yang disebut sebagai guru berkualitas. Salah satu prasyarat yang dimemukakan oleh Peter Senge dalam The School That’s Learn (2003) perlu dipertimbangkan sebagai keterampilan yang perlu dimiliki oleh seorang. Keterampilan tersebut dinamai Peter Senge sebagai mental models, sebuah disiplin yang ingin menekankan sikap pengem¬bangan kepekaan dan persepsi —baik dalam diri sendiri atau orang sekitarnya.

Bekerja dengan membentuk mental ini dapat membantu para guru kita untuk lebih jelas dan jujur dalam memandang kenyataan yang tampak dari keragaman alenta yang dimiliki oleh setiap siswa. Pembentukan mental dalam pendidikan seringkali tidak dapat didiskusikan, dan tersembunyi, maka kritik yang harus diperhatikan oleh seorang guru yang belajar adalah bagaimana mereka mampu mengem¬bangkan kapasitas untuk berbicara secara produktif dan aman tentang hal-hal yang berbahaya dan tidak nyaman, baik bagi dirinya, siswa dan lingkungan belajarnya. Karena itu penting juga bagi para guru untuk senantiasa aktif memikirkan asumsi-asumsi tentang apa yang terjadi dalam kelas, tingkat perkembangan siswa, dan lingkungan rumah siswa.

Jika mental model para guru kita dapat memahami dengan baik bagaimana keterkaitan antara teori belajar semacam constructivism dan cara otak bekerja dalam belajar (brain based learning), maka guru akan dapat menyimpulkan bahwa proses belajar itu adalah semacam pencarian sebuah arti (kehidupan). Karena itu belajar harus dimulai di antaranya dengan isu-isu keseharian siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka dalam rangka mencari pemaknaan yang lebih luas tenang suatu hal. Tetapi masalahnya jika guru kita memilii mental model yang selalu membuat labelling terhadap kondisi siswanya, jangan-jangan proses belajar mengajar hanya terbatas pada transfer ilmu sesaat tanpa menghiraukan kebutuhan siswa itu sendiri. Yang terjadi kemudian adalah adanya penanaman doktrin yang belum sepenuhnya sesuai dengan kondisi psikologis anak.

Ada baiknya jika para guru mencoba merenungkan kata-kata bijak dari Khahlil Gibran, bahwa tugas utama seorang guru di anaranya adalah mengantarkan anak agar bisa melakukan eksplorasi secara maksimal terhadap daya jelajah intelektual mereka (The teacher if he/she indeed wise does not bid you to enter the house of his/her wisdom but leads you to the treshold of your own mind). Dalam konteks ini tentu saja mental model guru harus seimbang dengan prinsip etika ketimuran yang agamis dan penuh tradisi kesantunan. Jika tidak, maka kejadian saling mengejek antar guru di salah satu sekolah di Medan bisa jadi terjadi pada banyak sekolah lainnya di Indonesia. Bagaimana ceritanya?

Suatu ketika seorang guru matematika di salah satu sekolah di Medan mengejek dua orang rekannya, guru agama Islam dan Katolik. Si guru matematika ini bilang bahwa kedua orang guru agama rekannya ini dalam mengajar agama laksana seorang calo angkutan kota. Sang calo angkutan selalu berteriak: ”Siantar. Siantar, siantar.” kepada para calon penumpang. Namun ketika para penumpang masuk ke dalam mobil, si calo berbalik arah menuju warung untuk menyeruput kopi dan menghisap rokoknya. Tak perduli apakah penumpang itu sampai di Siantar atau tidak.

Apa yang terjadi kemudian? Kedua orang guru agama tersebut marah kepada guru matematika sambil berujar: ”Untung kau temanku, kalau tidak sudah kuberi kau ketupat Bengkulu”. Edu hanya mengurut dada, semoga mental model guru-guru kita tidak seperti ”calo” sebagaimana dimaksud dalam cerita di atas.

(Ahmad Baedowi)

PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA BARU PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI MELALUI SELEKSI NASIONAL MASUK PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI 2009 (SNMPTN) 2009

PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA BARU PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI MELALUI SELEKSI NASIONAL MASUK PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI 2009 (SNMPTN) 2009

1. Persyaratan :
1. Lulus Ujian Nasional SMA/MA/SMK/MAK atau setara tahun 2007, 2008, dan 2009.
2. Lulusan paket C dengan menyerahkan Foto Copy Raport 3 tahun terakhir.
3. Memiliki kesehatan yang memadai sehingga tidak mengganggu kelancaran proses belajar mengajar di Perguruan Tinggi.
4. Tidak buta warna bagi Program Studi tertentu.
2. Biaya Pendaftaran dan Uji Keterampilan :
1. IPA/IPS Rp. 150.000,-
2. IPC Rp. 175.000,-
3. Uji Keterampilan Olahraga dan Seni Rp. 100.000,-
3. Cara Meperoleh dan Pengembalian Formulir Pendaftaran :
1. Pembayaran mulai tanggal 1 s.d. 26 Juni 2009 melalui cabang Bank Mandiri di seluruh Indonesia.
2. Penukaran Formulir Pendaftaran di masing-masing Panitia Lokal 15 s.d. 26 Juni 2009.
3. Pengembalian Formulir Pendaftaran di masing-masing Panitia Lokal tanggal 15 s.d. 27 Juni 2009.
4. Pelaksanaan Ujian :
   1. Ujian Tulis :
      1. Rabu 1 Juli 2009 : Test Potensi Akademik dan Test Bidang Studi Dasar.
      2. Kamis 2 Juli 2009 : Test Bidang Studi IPA dan Test Bidang Studi IPS
   2. Uji Keterampilan Olahraga dan Seni :
      1. Pendaftaran Rabu dan Kamis, tanggal 1 dan 2 Juli 2009 di tempat ujian tulis
      2. Pelaksanaan Uji Ketrampilan hari Jum’at dan Sabtu, tanggal 3 dan 4 Juli 2009
5. Tempat Informasi SNMPTN 2009
   1. Situs Resmi SNMPTN 2009 http://www.snmptn.ac.id
   2. Alamat Panitia SNMPTN 2009 di Kantor Pusat Kampus Ketintang Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Telp. 031 8281013, Fax 031 8280804

Ketua Umum,

ttd

Prof.Dr. H. Haris Supratno

High Paying Keyword

If you install the Adsense blog / website, I get 0:01 USD? 2 we can use the tips, which are:

1. Using Competitive Ads Filter
2. Keyword Search for the Highest Earning aka High Paying Keyword (PPC)

The first way can be done by entering a list of websites that cause the filter list. This can be run effectively, but sometimes cause secretion thus ad PSA (Public Service Ads).

How the two are relatively easy. We can use the Google Adwords Keyword Tool to find keywords with a value of earning a high enough. The most effective way is the search keyword that matches the theme of a blog / website kita. For example, if we have a blog with the theme Hosting, we can find a list of PPC based on the keywords that we enter, and then select "Cost and Ads Position Estimates" in the "Choose data to display."

In addition to keyword-based search tools, Google also provides a keyword search in accordance with the blogs that we have. This option is on the Site-Related Keywords

To apply these tips, do not be too glued to the keyword that was delivered. It is better we keep writing articles as usual, try to adjust them with the new PPC. Do not be reversed. If reversed, PPC is not obtained, the ad with the earning kecilpun rarely greet. Moreover, if the PPC is not imposed in accordance with the theme of a blog / website, if tampilpun difficult by a visitor clicks on :-).

failure is a step forward toward the peak of success.

An inventor named Charles Kettering suggested that we failed to learn the wise. He said, "when you fail, the analysis of the problem, and find the answer, because every failure is a step forward toward the peak of success. If you are afraid to fail, you will never try. "
Charles. K to give advice to change the three to be the failure of success:

@ Jujurlah defeat in the face: do not play - ostensibly a success.

@ Take advantage of our failure: do not discard offhand, semuah take a lesson from that failure.

@ Do not make the bed as a failure not to try again.

Measurement accuracy

Measurement accuracy

When researchers have started to measure symptoms ditelitinya, he dealt with the issue of the validity realiabilitas and measuring tool that dipergunakannya. In scientific research, the two terms measuring equipment is very important. Without them, research is no longer scientific.

*. Reliability has meaning have come to trust. A measuring instrument said to have reliability when used many times by the same researcher or by other researchers who still give the same results (forcese and richer, 1973: 71) so the value relibilitas stability (no change), consistent (ajeg) , and dependabilitas (reliable). There are three determining reliability: (1) antaruji, (2) antarbutir, (3) and antarpenilai. Cara (1) test the reliability is to compare some results of measurements of the same population at different times or by different researchers. Comparison of the calculated to find the number korelasinya. If the difference is only a coincidence only, the measurement has a significant correlation. On the way (2) alatukur consisting of grains of the two tests is divided, this method is called part two (split-half procedure). On the way (3) of the respondents as measured, tested, and observed by several people tester. Scores given by each examiner and dikorelasikan. Inter-rater reliability with the number usually diyatakan agreement between assessors.

*. Validity have meaning purity measuring tool with which we want to measure. Validity itself have (3) types:
@. Content validity (content Validity) shows that the specifics on the measuring tool to represent the nature of which we measure
@. Predictive validity (predictive validity) also called validity-with-respect-kreteria (criterion-related validity-)
@. Validity konstruk, menujukkan extent to which a measuring instrument measures the theoretical konstruk a particular (ie, a situation in which the relationship has hipotesiskan-result)

Classification Method Study

Histories method aims reconstruct the past systematically and objectively to collect, assess, verify, and menyintesiskan evidence to establish facts and reach kongklusi that can be pertahankan, often in relation to a particular hypothetical (Isaac and Michael, 1972:17). For example, research on the content of the book reading at the Colonial era, the history of the Muhammadiyah movement, and so forth.

Descriptive method was systematically delineate the facts or the population characteristics of specific areas of factual and carefully (Isaac and Michael: 18). For example, research the number of children dropping out of school in the city of Bandung in 1981, public opinion studies, the number of readers of magazines in tempo etc..

Experimental method of research is a method that allows researchers to manipulate variables and examine the consequences-consequences. In the experimental method variables controlled manner so that the external variables that may affect the can removed.

Kuasi-experimental method used to approach the condition ekperimental in a situation that is not possible manipulation of variables. Each method will be described in detail.

History of communication

History of communication

At the beginning of life in the world, communication is used for the organic needs. Chemical signals in the beginning of the organisms used for reproduction. Along with the evolution of life, the chemical signals used in the primitive communication and also evolved a chance occurrence of a more complex behavior such as dance in the fish marry.

In animals, in addition to sex, communication is also done to show the benefits, usually with the attitude. Munurut about the history of evolution 250 million years ago the emergence of "reptile brain" is important because the brain allows the reactions to the physiological events in the outside world that we know as emotions. In the modern human, reptile brain is still found in the human brain limbik system, and only coated by the brain other "high level".

Human communication to share knowledge and experience. Common form of human communication signals including language, speech, writing, movement, and broadcasting. Communication can be interactive, transaktif, aim, aim or not.

Through communication, attitudes and feelings of someone or a group of people can be understood by other parties. However, communication will only be effective if the message is delivered can be deciphered by the recipient of the message.

Although communication has been learned since and including the old "antique", this topic becomes particularly important in the 20th century because of the growth of communication described as "a revolutionary discovery", this is due to the increase in communication technology such as rapid radio. Television, telephone, satellite and network Commuting industiralisasi field in line with the big business and the world of politics. Communication in the college level may have its own department where communication is divided into for-time communication, for communication of events, public relations and other, but will remain subyeknya. Work reflects the diversity of communication in the communication itself. Search for the best of communication theory is not useful because akan communication activities that are more than one activity. Each theory is seen from the process and the different perspectives which they refer to it separately from the perspective of their own.

Publisher Sony game press

Publisher Sony game press
Game publishers in order to cut the price of sony game console sony play station 3 or threaten them to change direction akan support Nintendo wii game console. Sony is usually always led the market, at this time is in the third order in the case of sales according to VGCHARTZ, selling video game console at this time still held by the Nintendo wii, Microsoft Xbox 360 is in second position, while sony play station 3 is in the order of 3. a game made for Xbox 360 and Sony play station 3, in the development need of money greater than the game for the Nintendo wii. Sony are currently enjoying a period jayanya, especially after the in-game rilisnya some exclusive titles for the Sony play station 3. Killzone 2baru game just released for the sony play station 3, and receive much praise. Sony also recently signed agreements with NBC Universal for the film and televise for play station 3. in Japan, play station 3 is also the behavior of competitors, owing to the rilisnya-3 or yakuza game Ryu Ga Gotoku 3.

Fact Communication Technology

Fact Communication Technology

Communication Technology (Teknokom) is the hardware equipment in an organizational structure that contains the social values, which allows each individual collecting, processing and sharing information with individuals, other individuals (Rogers, in Abrar. 2003).

The implicit definition above that

** Teknokom is a tool.

** Teknokom born of a structure of economic, social and political.

** Teknokom bring the values that come from the structure of economic, social, political and particular.

** Teknokom improve human senses, especially the ability to hear and see.

** The four aspects of the communication technology is the criteria in assessing whether a device (hardware) is teknokom or not. If these four criteria is not owned by a device (hardware), then it can not be said as a teknokom.

Eg mobile phone call (mobile phone). I called the phone teknokom? The answer is determined by the answers to the following questions:

n> if the mobile phone a tool?

n> if the phone was born by the structure of economic, social and political particular?

n> if the phone bring the values that come from the structure of economic, social and political gmembuatnya yan?

n> if the phone's ability to improve human senses?

n> Answer to question 1 is clearly yes. Question 2 was born he's capitalist economic structure and social liberal. Question 3 is also a clear, liberal values to bring the phone, mobile phone owners can contact and be contacted by anyone. Question 4 is also clear, the phone senses increase of people who use. Finally the phone as a legitimate teknokom.

n> can be the phone mengintegerasikan traditional values (eg sowan), creating a lifestyle and behavior of the capitalist profit orinted consumer culture and practice, to make mobile phone users have a new ideology in the context intelektualitas and morality.

n> Teknologisasi that occurred in the third world is like two-edged sword, that is, as a crusher and values. As a value-berjuis the capitalist West rasionalistik, individualistik, positivistik, but also not as well as the local cultural-religious asketis, fatalist, and to uphold the principles of collective collegia (Denis Coulet, in Abrar. 2003).

Different communication technology and information technology:

n> is a processing technology, processing and dissemination of data by a combination of computer and telecommunications.

n> communication technology is a tool that adds the ability to communicate.

n> In International Communication Association / ICA (international association of communication scholars) menekuni for graduates who are in communication technology Communication and Technology division. Yan gmenekuni tekonologi for the information on Information Systems division.

n> Teknokom growing rapidly as the support electronics technology, so that the communication is no longer limited space and time.

Electronics technology established principles prinsipn teknokom:

n> object can be changed into the image through the lens.

n> projection image can be changed mednjadi waves through elektromagnetik cell images (scanning device).

n> sound signal can be converted into electricity through a microphone.

n> electric signals that contain the image projection and sound emanated through cable, satellite communication services, electrical signals can be sent any where in the earth, even to outer space once was.

n> Signal received antenna system and into the tool that can change the signal back into the projection image, the image can be viewed on screen, printed and duplicated (Ishadi and Wahyudi, in Abrar. 2003).

n> Teknokom allows people to see that various social phenomena related and affect each other., especially for the open society (open society).

n> at the audience (audience), teknokom used to search, manage, share, meyimpan, compare, updating information, so that teknokom become central in the process of communication.

Relationships teknokom and culture:

n> teknokom as factors that dterminan in the community, it can create social change, and change people's lives, eg, become more egaliter.

n> teknokom as industrialization, he created ririskiky amassal in the number of lots.

n> teknokom as a new tool, not all the negative effects teknokom can dteratassi well (McOmber, in Abrar 2003).

Message teknokom is to educate users:

n> demassifikasi do, not mass, control changes occur in the audience a message, by selecting the appropriate information with their desire. Massifikasi Conversely, the control message in the information producers, such as newspapers, radio, television, the audience only pasrah news broadcast.

n> adapt, it must adapt to the various standardization, from the technical instructions penggunaaan, allow technical, and humanitarian values and the meaning of the message teknokom.

n> improve information:

(a) dealing with individuals in the regions / countries with a fast,

(b) deliver the aspirations and expressions that make familiar with each other,

(c) the results of the culture menucul in the various regions / countries,

(d) mengingkatkan their participation in social life that involves all political regions / countries.

Teknokom public relations and information:

n> understanding of the information society:

(a) those who have been affected terpaan (Exposure) mass media and global communication, the community aware that information and get a sufficient explanation (popular term),

(b) people who make the information as a commodity that is very valuable economic, related to the other people in the global communication system, and access the information superhighway (term communication).

Source: Abrar, Ana Nadhya. 2003. Tekonologi Communication, Science Communication Perspective. Yogyakarta: LESFI

Classification Method Study

Classification Method Study

Histories method aims reconstruct the past systematically and objectively to collect, assess, verify, and mensintesiskan evidence to establish facts and reach kongklusi that can be maintained, often in relation to a particular hypothetical (Isaac and Michael, 1972:17). For example, research on the content of the book reading at the Colonial era, the history of the Muhammadiyah movement, and so forth.
Descriptive method was systematically delineate the facts or the population characteristics of specific areas of factual and carefully (Isaac and Michael: 18). For example, research the number of children dropping out of school in the city of Bandung in 1981, public opinion studies, the number of readers of magazines in tempo etc..
Experimental method of research is a method that allows researchers to manipulate variables and examine the consequences-consequences. In the experimental method variables controlled manner so that the external variables that may affect the can removed.
Kuasi-experimental method used to approach the condition ekperimental in a situation that is not possible manipulation of variables. Each method will be described in detail.